Essay on Analysis of Charles Darwins on the Origin of...

Charles Darwin in his book, On the Origin of Species, presents us with a theory of natural selection. This theory is his attempt at an explanation on how the world and its species came to be the way that we know them now. Darwin writes on how through a process of millions of years, through the effects of man and the effects of nature, species have had a trial and error experiment ongoing. It is through these trials that the natural world has developed beneficial anomalies that at times seem too great to be the work of chance. Darwin writes on how a species will adapt to its surrounding given enough time. When an animal gains a genetic edge over its competitors, be they of the same species or of another genus altogether, the animal†¦show more content†¦Instead Darwin delved into the realm of the Articulata. In the Articulata Darwin found an optic nerve covered with pigment and little more. This nerve is merely a light sensing freckle and can be traced through a series o f branching and improvements until we can see it approach perfection. As Darwin states on page 188; Â…bearing in mind how small the number of living animals is in proportion to those that have become extinct, I can see no very great difficultyÂ…in believing that natural selection has converted the simple apparatus of the optic nerve merely coated with pigment and invested by transparent membrane, into an optical instrument as perfect as is possessed by any member of the great Articulate class. After millions of years of evolution and natural selection, why is it not possible that a thing as perfect as the eye has been developed. It is hard, however, to believe in this whole-heartedly. The more I read of Darwin, the more I begin to see the holes in the theory. My belief does not swing towards the thought of creationism. To me that is not an option. However, Darwin has done a great job of stating the arguments and as best a job answering them as he could. It is very difficult to respond to difficult questions with nothing but theory to back them up. He has, nonetheless, defended them to the best of his abilities and his responses are, with a little faith in science, more than acceptable. YetShow MoreRelatedCharles Darwin: Naturalist and Leader in Science1414 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of this analysis, I will use information from Gardner’s Changing Minds (Gardner, 2006) and Uzzi and Dunlap’s How to Build Your Network (Uzzi, 2005) to assess Charles Darwin’s influence as a non-positional leader. I will also show a historical analysis, including my reasons for choosing Darwin as my subject, his background, the success and failures of his influence, as well as his legacy. Finally, I will submit my vision of non-positional leadership and mechanisms for leaders to exploreRead MoreHow Darwin Has A Profound Effect Beyond The World Of Science1396 Words   |  6 Pages† This is one of many examples of how Darwin has had a profound effect beyond the world of science. Through analysis of several elements of pop culture, one can see how their underlying themes are related to Darwin. The impact of Darwin’s principles can be seen in vid eo games, literature, and television. The relevance of Darwin’s work can be observed in video games. For example, Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be applied to the general gameplay of Pokà ©mon FireRed. Darwin states that individualsRead MoreHistory: Theory of Evolution by Charles Darwin1365 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Darwin’s theory and evolution Introduction: Charles Darwin was an English scientist who developed the theory of evolution which had been around for long period of time which gave him fame during his life and after his death. In 1859, he published a book called Origin of Species which contains all the theory of evolution. Darwin’s theory caused a lot of argument and they are still continuing until these days. In religion view it caused clash because at that time people in Europe believedRead MoreDr. Charles. Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1714 Words   |  7 Pages Dr. Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his contributions to the theory of evolution. He stated that all species have descended over time from common ancestors. With his joint publication with Alfred Russell Wallace he introduced the process called natural selection. Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859 with a book, On the Origin of Species; many people rejected his idea of natural selection and his the ory of evolution. By the 1870’s theRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1737 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of evolution is one of the great intellectual revolutions of human history, drastically changing our perception of the world and of our place in it. Charles Darwin put forth a coherent theory of evolution and amassed a great body of evidence in support of this theory. In Darwin s time, most scientists fully believed that each organism and each adaptation was the work of the creator. Linneaus established the system of biological classification that we use today, and did so in the spiritRead MoreEssay about Evidence for Evolution920 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution and Diversity†¨ Evolution and Diversity The foundation for the theory of evolution was laid by Charles Darwin (Rose, n.d.). He developed hypotheses about natural selection which helped scientists develop the theory. Evolution is a theory and not a hypothesis because evolution has been proven by vast amounts of scientific data, research, and testing. The definition of a hypothesis is an educated explanation that needs to be researched and tested but has not yetRead MoreGenetics and Human Sexuality1320 Words   |  6 Pagesa human species. Next to sleeping and eating, it seems that it is one of the most important drives we have to deal with as humans. That is, it takes up so much of our time in thought and behavior that it sometimes seems that every facet of our life revolves around this to a certain extent. Human sexual behavior is different from the sexual behavior of other animals, in that, it seems to be governed by a variety and interplay of different factors. That is, while lower animals or species are drivenRead MoreEvolution Of Natural Selection Evolution1005 Words   |  5 Pagesgeneration. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) formulated this theory that has stood the test of time. Natural selection is important to anthropology for understanding how species change. Anthropologists emphasize the complexity of evolution and how natural selection is much more than â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Charles Darwin began the observing diversity of living creatures as well as fossils and extinct animals. Darwin noted that species varied according to the environments they inhabited. Darwin’s most famousRead MoreAn Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th Centuries734 Words   |  3 PagesAn Analysis of Cultural Influences in the 19th and 20th Centuries The 19th and early 20th centuries were a time of massive cultural mutation, out of which came varying worldviews that intermingled with and reacted against one another. As Professor Ambrosio (2011) states in A History of Suspicion, of the biggest intellectual and/or philosophical influences in that time period, Marx, Darwin, Freud, Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky each represents a decisively different view of history than the view ofRead MoreDefending Slavery Essay2484 Words   |  10 PagesAlabama who sustained that blacks and whites came from different species. All of these documents were intended to support the theory that black race was not only different that white race but their origins came from different roots. Cartwright and Nott had similar approach. Their explanation from the biological standpoint was in some point linked to a religious interpretation of then bible. Thus, Cartwright depicts the origin of the three most predominant racial groups on Earth: Asian, Europeans

Abortion And Abortion - 996 Words

Abortion, to those who approve of this method, call it a â€Å"choice†. But do we really have the right to determine who lives and who dies? Let alone babies who haven’t been given a chance or even a say in the decision. Is it really a choice we have the authority to make? From 1970 to 2013, there have been almost 52 million abortions. 52 million futures taken away. 52 million hearts broken. 52 million lives that were never given the chance to live. Abortion was illegal before 1973 and still should be illegal today. Some say it is even selfish of the person to get an abortion. Mother Teresa once said â€Å"It is a poverty to decide that a child must die so that you may live as you wish.† It can tear families apart just like how they tear the fetus†¦show more content†¦They will then take a tube and insert it into the wound which will then suck the brain out of the skull and killing the baby. There is an illegal way some people used before abortion was legalized in 1973 where they would take a coat hanger, bend it and pull the fetus out. A Raisin In The Sun took place during 1959 during The Great Migration in Chicago. Abortion was legalized in 1973 which mean, states had the option to legalize it in their state or not and Illinoi had made abortion illegal. On page 75, Mama Says â€Å" I think Ruth is thinking ‘bout getting rid of that child.† Many women, like Ruth, were going through the same thoughts as Ruth but the only problem was was that it was illegal. So they would use illegal and inhuman ways to get rid of the child. Life is tough and having a child is tougher but does that really mean you need to kill a baby in order to make your life easier? Many women get abortions for the reason of financial problems or lack of resources that are need to support the child. Some don’t have the energy or time to take care of the infant. But that should give the parents the motivation to give their child everything they got in order to provide for the child. In A Raisin In The Sun, Ruth first thinks abou t getting an abortion because of financial and lack of space in the end, becomesShow MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion And Abortion2038 Words   |  9 PagesMostly seen as a religious issue, abortions are anything but that. Biology and science are the only deciding factors when it comes down to it. Science is the only thing that can prove whether an unborn child is living; no religion can do that. Through modern science and technology, it has been proven and well documented that human life does in fact begin at conception. The scientific evidence also contradicted the court ruling in the Roe v. Wade case, where it was stated that the Court could notRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion measures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers . At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produce

Review of the Challenges Affecting English Language

Question: Discuss about the Review of the Challenges Affecting English Language. Answer: Introduction: This review aims to study the issues and challenges faced by Saudi students who are learning English as a second language and how the Australian context is influencing their learning. In order to understand the significance of the Australian context, we will begin by taking a look at the history of exposure to English for the Saudi citizens and the challenges faced by them in learning the language in their native country. We will then study how those challenges fare in Australia, and what factors can help facilitate the learning of English. This review aims to suggest ways of improving the current framework within which students are learning the language. At the same time, the challenges that remain will be uncovered, so that they can, in turn, be managed. There have been a few studies that have studied the English language learning difficulties for Saudi students, however, very few were available that studies Saudi students situation in Australia. This study attempts to bridge this gap in the literature of learning English. Introduction of English Language Learning in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia had adopted English language as a secondary language of learning to integrate them or it? Into the mainstream. English language is one of the main tools responsible for globalization, by bringing the world together through a commonly understood and spoken medium of communication. This linguistic globalization manifests itself in an intensified use of verbal language across all domains of business and personal life across countries. Since the adoption of the Wallerstein? World system by the Saudi state, a comprehensive policy, SELEP- Saudi English Language Education Policy, was devised to facilitate the process. The Wallerstein world system segregates the world into three kinds of countries: Core, Semi-periphery and periphery countries. The periphery countries are the developing nations that rely primarily on their raw materials and physical resources, and the Semi-periphery are those countries which are moving towards increasing development and industrialization. The Cor e countries are the developed nations that have a monopoly over the production of either knowledge or goods, a functional communication with the rest of the world, and good governance of their own citizens (Wallerstein, 2006, pp. 26-29, 42-55). Hence, in order to move from the Semi-periphery to the Core region, it was essential that Saudi Arabia adopts English as their secondary language to facilitate their communication with the world. This drive for assimilation in the Core part of the world began with King Abdul Azizs interventions, along with the help from (first)?, the Great Britain and then, the USA. As a result, English language training was introduced in Saudi much before it had become a State in 1930. However, the growth in English learning was quite slow. Despite its introduction in 1924, till 1949, only one college in Mecca taught English for two hours a week and the first English department was set up only in 1957 at King Saud University. After the Second World War, the United State emerged as the foremost world power and its influence and association with Saudi Arabia, the country with huge oil reserves, became far more intricate then what the Saudi-UK relationship had ever been. Accordingly, the English language also found more takers with increasing economic and infrastructural development. A lot of American expatriates and migrant workers arrived in Saudi Arabia to support the development, bringing t heir language and culture here from the 1970s onwards. Hence, the environment in the country grew increasingly open for communication, giving impetus to English learning. Ministries of Education, Defense, Petroleum, and Interior, all setup English learning centers and a number of institutes teaching the language also, sprung up. The number of English programs broadcast on radio and TV increased, the State tried its best to create a favorable opinion for English among its people and companies began demanding English speaking job candidates. The next step came with the resolve of the State to move from the semi-periphery status to being a Core nation. This was believed to be possible by moving towards becoming a knowledge power. In Riyadh (2009), the Saudi Minister of Commerce and Industry, Mr. Abdullah Alireza announced that Saudi Arabia is moving away from simply being a gas station of the world toward a sophisticated laboratory of excellence, innovation, and knowledge (Rasooldeen, 2011). This gave impetus to the growth of higher education in the country. There are 52 Universities in Saudi Arabia currently, with most possessing an English department. The mode of teaching in many Universities, Engineering and Medical colleges is English. The schools have introduced English from the primary school level. In order to gain better acceptance for English among the people, the State has proclaimed it to be a great medium for spreading Islam for improving peace and humanity in the world. Thus, we find that the growth of reach and eminence in the spread of the English language has been possible, due to the sustained, painstaking and methodological steps taken by the Saudi State (Faruk, 2013). The Australian Context In 1990, Australia attracted almost 25000 foreign students for its higher education programs; these numbers grew to over 20 million students in 2003 and 30 million in 2014. Australia is the third most popular world destination for education currently, coming after the US and the UK, and it attracts more than 7% of the worlds students to its higher education programs. The valuation of this industry stood at 15 billion in 2014, making it the fourth biggest export of Australia ( International Students in Australia and their role in the Australian economy, 2014). International students have other benefits for Australia too, they address the shortages in skills availability, and they give an impetus to tourism, and help in jobs creation. Hence, the interest for the higher education authorities to show active participation in language learning for these students is manifold. Moreover, above everything else, these students are inherently valued by Australian teachers as being learners. For the International students, Australia offers not only good education opportunities but a chance to learn the English language well, while immersing in its culture and context. In fact, some studies have found that the learning of the English language supersedes the desire for the education degrees for many students. The Saudi students expect to improve their English language skills to an extent that they become fluent like the native speakers. English is also crucial to performing well in their disciplinary courses (Yates Wahid, 2013). This shows that the inherent desire and motivation to learn the language is very much present in Saudi students. In order to ensure that the International students feel at ease in their country, the Australian government had established a set of Good Practice Principles for the higher education sector (Australian Universities Quality Agency, 2009). Two principles in specific, are related to English language learning: Principle 8: International students are supported from the outset to adapt to their academic, socio-cultural and linguistic environment (Australian Universities Quality Agency, 2009, p. 3). Principle 9: International students are encouraged and supported to enhance their English language development through effective social interaction on and off campus (Australian Universities Quality Agency, 2009, p. 3) These principles acknowledge the concern and interest of the Australian government to help International students learn and adapt to their culture and language. It, also, gives due credit to the role of social interactions between students for enhancing their learning experience. Australia offers far more than a mere classroom instruction and examinations for learning, it offers a native English speaking culture that allows its learners to practice their English speaking and writing skills as they go about their daily lives. The interventions began by the Australian government, show that they consider the difficulties and issues related to English learning, seriously and responsibly. Saudi Students in Australia In 2013, more than seven thousand students came from Saudi Arabia to study in Australia ( International Students in Australia and their role in the Australian economy, 2014). The spurt in the numbers of students going abroad for studies from Saudi has been attributed in part to the King Abdullah scholarship program which was started in 2005. This scholarship program has helped to send a number of students abroad since its inception, catapulting the numbers from hundreds into tens of thousands. The program sponsors the stay, the course fees and aids in finding employment, thus, reducing the financial and mental burden from the students, preparing and supporting them better than how any other International student is. However, for the Saudi students, apart from the regular challenges of adapting to a new nation and language, there are added adjustments required to move from a gender segregated society to a mixed one, which has significant departures from their conservative society (Groves, 2015). In a Doctoral dissertation on male Saudi students in Australia, it was reported that feelings of distance in language, identity and culture were felt extensively by them. Saudi men were content to learn English but, to an extent that it did not conflict with their culture and the practice of their religion (Midgley, 2010). This finding has implications for the authorities and the teachers, because if the teaching of the language is perceived to be at the cost of the existing values and religious teachings, for instance, the practice of Purdah, the restrictions in mixing of gender, and the other socializing norms, then the same will be rejected by these students and cause cognitive dissonance in them. We w ill next take a look at the current challenges faced by these students while learning English. Literature Review The topic chosen for the learning of English of the Saudi students in Australia is having a greater importance in the increasing world. The globalization has come up with the advancement in the society as well as the people which ultimately leads to a whole total development of the nation or the country. This can also be said that English is such a language which binds up the whole world with in a bond by which different culture, different people, and different society were able to mingle up with each other without any hesitation. As Saudi is particularly a different language country having the Urdu language as their main language, therefore there is an urgent need for opting English for the way to open up to the rest of the world for the further world. As there are the periphery, semi-periphery, and the core countries according to their base of development, so, therefore, the main aim for opting this study is to take the Saudi from semi-periphery country to the core country with a d efined development. For this reason, Saudi has selected English as their second language to make it more sophisticated in every term of innovation, knowledge, and excellence. The Saudi students are present in every country and thereby they are usually going on with the processes of the countrys education system and also the education system affects their education structure. So as in Australia, as it is very much popular in providing higher education to foreign students, so there have a higher amount of export of the students to Australia for further studies. Same ways many Saudi students are residing in Australia also need to improve their English language so that they may not face any issues in the continuation of the studies. The improvement in the English language in the Saudi students also helps them to take up the studies to a higher state of the disciplinary courses which is also a resultant of the interest of the Saudi students in the language. Therefore in this research, it is important to unfold the reasons for the Saudi students are lacking and the reasons for their motivation for their development and their improvement. This topic of the English learning of Saudi students makes them continue in the international environment with ease, for which the Australian government has taken many measures to enhance the English learning on the growing globalization. The website of Australian studies give the idea regarding the foreign students residing in Australia and also it shows that students from Saudi in Australia are approximately of 26,764 in numbers. They are there for the enrolment in the various sectors of the world for making their successful career and also the professional growth of the country. This is the reason why Australian government had formulated the principles for the adaptation of the cultures which will be further helpful in the enhancing the learning process with greater experiences. The students will eventually be more active in every situation regarding the speaking of English which will enhance their daily basis skills in their day to day lives. Some research studies have also shown this type of difficulties faced by the Saudi students in the different parts of the world that not only in speaking region but also with the writing part which they must need to develop. In a study submitted to the University of Auckland, it is said that the Saudi students have been facing many challenges in the writing part which is hampering the persuasion of their mainstream studies. Also, the study shows that at first the students have some hard situation for the particular English language which was changed with going time and motivation which will be helpful for the Saudi students to study in any university in the world. In another study of the overview of the English learning in Saudi shows the context of the English learning in the particular region which also gives many indications towards the social, cultural and economic values of Saudi. It also reviewed in the paper that Saudi Government is trying and taking required measures for the increase and enhancement of the Engl ish language in the nation as this is very important key for the advancement of the nation in every aspect. The government also have the idea to take the country into the list of the core countries or the developed countries by increasing the environment with more and innovations and knowledge of the people. Another study shows the motivation of the students of Saudi for the advancement of the country. The paper of the role of motivation and the motivational strategies says about the motivation of the students to enhance their languages and skills which will eventually be helpful in increasing the professional growth of the student and the nation. Therefore the Australian government and the Saudi government both are very much active in helping the students in pursuing the growth of their professional career. The changes in the teaching tradition of Saudi people are a sign of the changing of the national culture by the effect of globalization which eventually changes the individual images of the public to actions. The English learning has intended for the fusion of the eastern and western cultures in the Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Australia both are having bilateral relationship. In this particular scenario the study by Eiman Nather shows about the programs that have been indulged for the student to learn English in their culture. In this study approach the students are supposed to enhance their linguistic confidence by increasing their reading and writing experiences which in ultimate condition increases the competence in the students. The effects of acculturation factor on Saudi Arabian English language learners is a study that shows the parameters by which there is a basis of comparison between the Saudi and Australian who are studying in Australia. The way of integration and assim ilation between the students with respect to their culture describes the particular atmosphere that affects the percentage of acculturation. Generally when the Saudi student goes to Australia, he or she generally faces a wide amount of challenges in the new environment of studying. The basic challenges are the feeling of outsider, which arises due to the language barrier. The language barrier makes the students uncomfortable in sharing their feeling and emotions with each other. For the issue of this language barrier the Saudi students must need to increase or improve their degree of English learning through which the intermixing of culture will be possible. Due to this language barrier, the students newly shifting to Australia generally get into the cultural misunderstandings, which eventually take time to cope up with. Therefore the English learning of the Saudi students in Australia is much important and necessary for the personal and professional growth of the students as well a s the nation. Current Challenges in English Learning International students in Australia cite English language difficulties- both verbal and written, as their number one concern and challenge, surpassing cultural difficulties, homesickness, and other social issues. This is not surprising, as communication is the foundation over which all learning is based. In 2000, Robertson et al. had studied the problems faced by International students in an Australian University and concluded that most of the students had language learning difficulties, exacerbated by the difficulty in comprehension and colloquial uses. The situation has only just improved since then. The English language is very different from Arabic, which belongs to the Semitic language family (Sayidina, 2010). This increases the difficulties faced by Saudi students while learning it. Let us take a look at the other constraints faced by them. Figure 1.1 Source: (Al-Seghayer, 2014, p. 18) Constraints Affecting English Language Learning by Saudi Students The Belief constraints mentioned by Al-Seghayer (2014), consist of the expectations, the perception and the experiences of students regarding the English language. He believes that Saudi students get little opportunity to use the language in their everyday lives, thus their intrinsic motivation to learn it is low. The classroom teaching in Saudi is dry, devoid of interaction and merely an instrument for passing an examination (Al-Seghayer, 2014). This constraint does not exist for the Saudi students present in Australia. Similarly, the constraints in the curriculum, pedagogy and administrative policy do not apply to the students studying in Australia. In fact, the same constraints turn into motivating factors as English becomes a necessity for them to survive and prosper in this country and the pedagogy and infrastructure support their learning. However, a number of issues remain. The history of studying English through rote learning and mechanized responses to exercises creates barriers in learning when faced with a completely different environment of teaching where, critical thinking, problem-solving and greater application of grammar and expression are required (Sawir, 2005, Xiao Tianjing, 2006). The students become stressed as they cannot answer their lecturers or have any proper communication with their peers. This brings their academic satisfaction down (Lalasz, Doane, Springer, 2014). Inter-mixing with students from Australia who are native speakers of the English language would help increase the opportunities for using the language outside the classroom, thus, enhancing the learning and create a more natural, barrier-free method of learning. However, Saudi students tend to stay together, not mixing much with others, no doubt, due to their low confidence with the English language and also cultural constrictions (Ankawi, 2015). Saudi EFL learners have been consistently reported to get the lowest scores in their writing skills in IELTS when compared to their listening, reading, and verbal skills. It has been found that the vocabulary of these students is too limited, their learning of the language too formulaic and the knowledge of grammar too constricted, to allow any meaningful writing skills (Al-Khairy, 2013). Moving these students towards a creative expression of the language and then to argumentative and expository essays will be a very tough challenge (Grami, 2010; Bersamina, 2009). The same picture is apparent when we analyse the reading skills of Saudi students. Saudi students possess weak reading skills at L1 and L2 levels and are de-motivated readers, who can barely comprehend their reading due to a teaching culture that harps on reading aloud more than understanding the text. The lack of teachers and parents interest and absence of any English writing that has closer cultural and contextual ties, has really affected the love of reading in the students adversely (Al-Qahtani, 2016). Facilitating Factors for English learning Having seen the challenges, let us consider the enabling factors for overcoming them. As learning is dependent on an individuals attitude and perception towards it, it is necessary to investigate the same for the students as they embark on their learning journey in Australia. Enquiring about their feelings - positive or negative about learning the language, their education history, the learning method and experience with English in their native country and their expectations from the learning program should be essentially done (Sawir, 2005; Bernat, 2006). This makes an active participation of the tutors in this program, extremely crucial. Unless the teachers believe the merits of the individual approach to learning and wholeheartedly support it, it will not be a success. A detailed discussion at the teacher-student level at the beginning of the semester for clarifying, the student and teacher expectations, the ability and level of comprehension of the student with the language, and a ny fears she may harbor about learning it. This discussion will also help in establishing a working and personal relationship between the two most important stakeholders that will act as the biggest facilitator for future performance. Secondly, enough resources of time, efforts, and money, have to be allocated to the language learning programs. This will ensure that proper emphasis is placed on this in the minds of the students, the tutors, and the educational institutions. Though, language assistance centers have been set up in Australia, but the approach and scope of these centers need more reflection. Similarly, the Saudi State should also, invest in building bridging institutions that prepare students mentally and with language learning courses to ease their passage to Australia. Currently, the bridging institutions that exist in Saudi, are more focused on getting the students to pass examinations like IELTS, rather than any actual learning of the language. Differences in the region wise aptitude to learning were studied by Siebert in 2003. She reported middle-eastern students to underestimate the time required for learning a foreign language and to have greater faith in their own ability to learn the language as compared to Asian students. This finding is encouraging as this self-esteem will help in motivating the students towards their learning. A study by MoskovskyAlrabai (2009) has found that Saudi students in Australia exhibit a high level of awareness of what learning the English language will mean for them. They know that learning English will allow them to enjoy reading English fiction, watch movies, communicate freely with people across the world and get a high paying job. They also enjoy the greater control offered by teachers for their learning in the Australian classrooms and the variety of activities that are part of the teaching process. The students have also, shown a high appreciation of activities that allow working in groups or pairs. These findings have great implications for teachers and curriculum designers if English teaching can be made more participatory, involving a number and variety of activities, trips and involve group work, then better results can be expected. Thus, the natural propensity of the students to learn the language, clubbed with their awareness of its role in their life, should be a goo d springboard for better learning. A doctoral dissertation by Groves (2015), has shown that Saudi students, who were more proactive in starting conversations with Australians, clarifying their social perceptions and cultural mismatches, were more likely to have longer, more meaningful, and more fruitful discourses with their peers, which translates into a better learning of the language. This works on two fronts: it gives more opportunity to practice learnt vocabulary and grammatical rules with a non-threatening figure of a friend or a stranger, rather than a more formal authority figure like a teacher, who helps in correcting mistakes and demonstrating correct use of the language, and by clarifying and removing the inhibitions that are acting as deterrents in these students minds. Therefore, more such opportunities and platforms where such discourses are initiated and sustained amongst students need to be introduced, nurtured, and maintained. One such example has been The University of Newcastles Community Connection s program that has received a lot of success. Another doctoral study of Saudi students in Australia reported that when Saudi students engaged in utilitarian conversations, they were superficial and impersonal in nature and kept their conversations as short as possible. Such conversations did not allow much opportunity for having an in-depth exploration of ideas or words. On the other hand, personal discourses allowed a more meaningful exchange of ideas, consisted of a number of wide-ranging topics, were warmer, and more personal in character, thus serving a better purpose as a learning tool (Groves, 2015). To conclude, the Saudi students (where? In Australia or?) have pointed out the English language learning to be their biggest fear and inhibiting factor, hence, a change in the attitude to learning has to be achieved (Reference). This may be possible only with a right-from-day-one approach to imparting positive feelings about learning English. The paranoia that grips Saudi students about English, needs to be met with a module-based program, with small achievable goals, that helps them feel that learning and mastering this language is very much possible. The fact that the authorities are committing themselves to the students well-being and working with them, should also, instill confidence and motivation. The need of the hour is to design and implement more such learning activities and platforms for social discourse among international students and natives that help in overcoming the challenges of cultural distance, and other challenges to language learning. Further research is also ne eded to devise ways to involve academic communities into taking the learning of the language outside the classroom. This will not only combat the inhibitions of the Saudi students but, also make the transfer of learning easier, create functional and personal friendships among students as they work together and allow a more flexible, hands-on approach to the learning of the English language. References (2014). International Students in Australia and their role in the Australian economy. Policy Note, Group of Eight Australia. Alhazmi, A., Nyland, B. (2013). Saudi International Students in Australia and Intercultural Engagement: A Study of Transitioning From a Gender Segregated Culture to a Mixed Gender Environment. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 43(3), 346-65. Al-Khairy, M. A. (2013). Saudi English-Major Undergraduates' Academic Writing Problems: A Taif University Perspective. English Language Teaching, 6(6). Al-Qahtani, A. A. (2016). Why Do Saudi EFL Readers Exhibit Poor Reading Abilities? English Language and Literature Studies, 6(1). Al-Seghayer, K. (2014). The Four Most Common Constraints Affecting English Teaching in. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(5), 17-26. Ankawi, A. (2015). The academic writing challenges faced by Saudi students studying in New Zealand. Auckland University. Auckland: School of Culture Society. Australian Universities Quality Agency. (2009). Good Practice Principles for English language proficiency for international students in Australian universities.Report, Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, Canberra. Bernat, E. (2006). Assessing EAP Learners Beliefs about Language Learning in the Australian context. The Asian EFL Journal Quarterly, 8(2), 202-227. Bersamina, F. V. (2009). English as Second Language (ESL) Learners in Saudi Arabia. Associated Content Society. Faruk, S. G. (2013). English Language Teaching in Saudi Arabia: A World System Perspective. Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of TimiÃ…Å ¸oara, 12(1-2), 73-80. Grami, G. M. (2010). The Effects of Integrating Peer Feedback into University-Level ESL Writing Curriculum: A Comparative Study in a Saudi Context. Doctoral Dissertation, NewCastle University, School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences. Groves, O. M. (2015). Language learning as participation: case studies of Saudi Arabian international students. Doctoral Thesis, University of Wollongong, School of Education. Lalasz, M. B., Doane, M. J., Springer, V. . (2014). Examining the effect of prenotification postcards on online survey response rate in a University graduate sample. Survey Practice, 7(3). Midgley, W. (2010). Seeking to understand 'experiences of difference' in discussions with Saudi students at an Australian university. Doctoral Thesis, University of Southern Queensland. Moskovsky, C., Alrabai, F. (2009). Intrinsic Motivation in Saudi Learners of English as a Foreign Language. The Open Applied Linguistics Journal, 2, 1-10. Rasooldeen, M. D. (2011, June 12). We are Laboratory of Knowledge, not Gas Station of World. Alireza Arab News. Robertson, M., Line, M., Jones, S., Thomas, S. (2000). International students, learning environments, and perceptions: A case study using the Delphi technique. Higher Education Research and Development, 19(1), 89-102. Sawir, E. (2005). Language difficulties of International students in Australia: the effects of prior learning experience. International Education Journal, 6(5), 567-580. Sayidina, A. (2010). Transfer of L1 cohesive devices and transition words into L2 academic texts: A case of Arabic students. RELC Journal, 41(3), 253-266. Siebert, L. L. (2003). Student and teacher beliefs about language learning. The ORTESOL Journal, 21, 7-39. Wallerstein, I. (2006). World system Analysis: An Introduction. Durham: Duke University Press. Xiao, L., Tianjing, P. (2006). Bridging the gap between teaching styles and learning styles: A cross cultural perspective. TESL-EJ, 10(3), 1-15. Yates, L., Wahid, R. (2013). Challenges to Brand Australia: international students and the problem with speaking. Higher Education Research Development, 32(6), 1037-1050.

You Could Have It So Much Better free essay sample

Music critics of the world, breathe easy. The sophomore effort from those fashionable Scottish art-rockers, Franz Ferdinand, has finally landed on your doorstep. They are the quartet to which bands like the Killers and the Bravery owe much of their success (and obsession with eyeliner). FF was the first band to nick the sparse new-wave of the ?s and give it new life. Their motto? Everything sounds better with thumping bass and synthesizers. Now, with dozens of those aforementioned copycats littering the music scene, how do the pioneers of the sound stay relevant? By taking the old formula and improving on it. That is exactly what the boys have done with â€Å"You Could Have It So Much Better.† Of course, the debut album employs an army of rabid fans. And fear not, the best facets of that record are still in full force here. Singer/evil mastermind Alex Kapranos voice is as enticing and exciting as ever, whether hes lamenting his lost love on â€Å"Walk Away† or calling us to arms on the title track. We will write a custom essay sample on You Could Have It So Much Better or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paul Thomsons drums are still assured and ceaseless, the guitar work still thrilling and chilling. Relentless dance-floor numbers like â€Å"Evil and a Heathen† or â€Å"This Boy† wouldnt sound out-of-place alongside â€Å"Take Me Out.† No bizarre experimentation or flirting with jazz fusion here. All the familiar hallmarks of the bands explosive debut are heard, so whats different? What makes â€Å"You Could Have It So Much Better† more than just â€Å"Self-titled #2†? To quote the closing track â€Å"Outsiders,† â€Å"the only difference is what might be is NOW.† Franz Ferdinand has lived up to expectations and grown into their role as kings of their scene. They now have the confidence to toy with new sounds, lyrics (â€Å"The Fallen† is a stunning example), ideas and direction. The tracklist isnt solid slinky disco numbers this time; songs like â€Å"Eleanor, Put Your Boots Back On† and â€Å"Fade Together† show a dabbling in acoustic, Oasis-style territory that is intriguing and surprisingly fantastic. The production is heavier (and better) as well with more guitars, more drums, more vocals. More brilliance. So we find it to be true. You could have it so much better, if only you take 41 minutes and 18 seconds out of your day to spin this record. With music this electrifying, why would you want it any other way?

Visa Application free essay sample

Foreigners must obtain a visa before travelling to Myanmar. Please read this information carefully before you complete your application. Once you have completed your application we strongly advice that you keep a copy for your reference. It is strongly recommended that you complete all questions in all sections on the visa application form. Failure to answer any questions completely and accurately may result in the application being cancelled or refused without prejudice. Tourist Visa: This visa is granted to an applicant who either travels independently or in a group such as package tour. The visa is valid for three months from the date of issue with 28 days stay. Requirements are; 1. Passport, 2. Application form with a photo (1. 5 ? 2 inches with background white); 3. A copy of flight itinerary; 4. A recommendation letter from employer addressed to: Visa section, Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, give brief description about occupation, purpose of visit, intended arrival and departure dates. We will write a custom essay sample on Visa Application or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Package tour travelers are requested to provide a copy of the package program; 5. Visa fee is RMB 200. 00. Entry Visa: This visa is granted to applicants from government agencies for official visit, former nationals of Myanmar and their foreign relatives for social visits and for meditation. The visa is valid for three months from the date of issue with 28 days stay. Requirements are; 1. Passport, 2. Application form with a photo (1. 5 ? 2 inches with background white); 3. A copy of flight itinerary; 4. A recommendation letter from employer addressed to: Visa section, Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, give brief description about occupation, purpose of visit and intended arrival and departure dates; 5. Official Visits; An invitation letter from the ministry concerned of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. 6. Social Visits; A brief bio data with one photo pasted (form is available at the Embassy) 7. Meditation; An invitation letter from the monastery in which the applicant intends to stay and meditate in Myanmar. 8. Visa fee is RMB 300. 00 Business Visa: This visa is granted to applicant from Business Organizations that have business establishments in Myanmar or an applicant who intends to establish business in Myanmar. The visa is valid for three months from the date of issue with 70 days stay. Diplomatic Gratis Official Courtesy / Gratis Official Courtesy: This visa is granted to a government official on his / her official visit to the country. A foreign diplomat may also apply such visa to enter the country either to assume his / her post at the respective Embassy in Myanmar or for personal visit. It is issued as authorized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Requirements are; 1. Diplomatic or Official Passport.

An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge essays

An Occurence at Owl Creek Bridge essays What makes Ambrose Bierce a realist Author "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" can be considered a work of realism for two reasons. The first is Bierce's utilization of his own military background giving this story a sense of realism. Bierce also conveys his pessimism after leading the reader to believe otherwise. This story provides social critique of the south during the Civil War. Bierce goes to great lengths to describe the opening sequence in terms of its military arrangement. He provides brilliant images of group formations and soldier stances like "a single company of infantry in line, at 'parade rest' the butts of the rifles on the ground, the barrels inclining backward against the right shoulder, the hands crossed upon the stock". He also takes the time to describe exactly how fortified the Owl Creek Bridge is. He shows his military experience by describing a road that stretches out of site and assuming that "Doubtless there was an outpost farther along". The procedures of a military execution were explained thoroughly including the code of conduct: "In the code of military manners silence and fixity are forms of deference". Bierce earned the nickname "Bitter Bierce early in his life for his pessimism. This is not evident in this story until the end. The third and final part begins with a sequence of miraculous occurrences allowing Peyton Farquhar to es cape from his hanging. The description of these events leads the reader to believe that Bierce is a Romantic author rather than a realist. The rope breaks dropping him into the creek. He then uses his "superhuman strength to remove the rope from around his neck. Peyton is then blessed with better senses seeing the veins on leaves in the forest and hearing gnats and dragonfly wings in the distance. Then he sees the eye of a marksman on the bridge through the range on the rifle. Amazingly, this marksman misses what should be an easy target and allows Farquhar to...

Berlin Airlift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Berlin Airlift - Essay Example This study outlines that  the divergence of views on the status of Berlin soon emerged. The Soviet Union considered the presence of the other three Western nations only as a temporary occupation. As Joseph Stalin claimed, in economic and administrative terms, the whole of Berlin belonged to the Soviet-occupied zone of Germany.   On the other hand, the Western Powers asserted that the citizens of Berlin had the right to choose and determine the future.  Ã‚  From this paper it is clear that  the rift was further aggravated given the difference in Soviet Union’s and Western nation’s viewpoints regarding the economic recovery plan for Germany.   The former believed that Germany should be incapacitated to launch another war since Stalin assumed that Germany along with Japan could once again be perils to Soviet Union by 1960s.   On the contrary, the Western Powers, particularly the US, stressed that the post war reconstruction of Europe primarily depends on the re building of German economy and industry.  In line with the Western recovery plan, the unification of the Western-occupied sectors in Germany, dubbed as the Marshall Plan, was announced on March 6, 1948. The three Western zones would be consolidated with an independent federal government.  In this regard, the Soviet Union withdrew from the Allied Control Council administering over Berlin due to the perceived violation of the Potsdam Agreement by the Western Powers.... In this regard, the Soviet Union withdrew from the Allied Control Council administering over Berlin due to the perceived violation of the Potsdam Agreement by the Western Powers ("Reader's Companion to American History"). Apparently, the country was divided into East Germany under the Soviet Union and West Germany under Western Power control. As such, Berlin was similarly divided. As a pre-requisite for the establishment of independence, the Western Powers called for the revival of the economy. During those times, the only active economy in West Germany was the black market. To push through with the Marshall Plan, the underground economy would have to be destroyed. The Western Powers believed that currency reform was the answer. (Botting) Currency Reform As part of the proposed change in currency, a brand new currency, the Deutschemark, would replace the highly depreciated Reichsmark. The Deutschemark was set with a stable and universally accepted value. For the plan to succeed, the currency reform operation was carried out in utmost secrecy. They deemed it crucial that no leak was generated for this would result to adverse international consequence. (Botting) When the new currency was announced in June 23, 1948, substantial economic recovery commenced in West Germany. The confidence in money was revived and economy normalized as traders abandoned the barter system and sold goods in exchange for cash. The shops were also filled with various consumer goods which had not been sold legally for a long time. (Botting) Soviet Reaction The introduction of the new currency proved to be unacceptable for the Soviet Union. In a meeting between Stalin and three Western

Nigerian women Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Nigerian women - Case Study Example The second section introduces the initial career goals set by female specialists in Nigeria. Next, the motivation for women joining banks is observed. An important qualitative measure - a level of job satisfaction with its connection to performance - is given after that. General issues regarding the career development of women in Nigeria follows then. After that a particular inequality issues are analysed in the order of the descending significance. At first issues regarding work-life balance are given. The next section speculates on theoretical assumptions of wage gap, glass ceiling, and occupational segregation connecting them to answers from the interview. After that the influence of the supervisor is drawn with special attention to mentoring. Then follows the analysis of the effect of cultural influence with assumptions on its adjustment. Finally, the conclusion briefly names all the results acquired in this research. Age of the respondents fluctuates from 25 to 45. It is important to notice that the research sample reflects the situation on the whole banking industry; that is most of the female employees working in Nigerian banks are married, well-educated women in their 30-40s. Note that there was no visible connection found between the age of the employee and the generation of bank (first/second). Most of the Nigerian women are occupied in the... The banking sector of Nigeria is interested only in skillful educated specialists, and it is hard for the average person to get into the ranks of the banks. Therefore we can suppose that each of the respondents has rather high social status. There is one Ph.D. degree, one candidate Ph.D. degree and six Master degrees. As can be seen from the Appendix 1 older female bankers have higher academic degrees. Additionally it should be noted that most of the respondents (six) have education in economics and only two of them have degrees in social sciences. The third important piece of the background portrait is the family status of the population. Social study of Nigeria shows that about 81% of women in the age from 15 to 49 were ever married (Isiugo-Abanihe 1998). Six respondents of our sample are married, one respondent is single, and one is divorced. The average fertility rate for Nigerian population is 5,4. Nevertheless, there are 3 female bankers with three children, 2 with two children, 1 having one child, 1 having four children, and one woman without children. As can be seen, the average amount of children in the research population is lower than that of the whole Nigerian population. This corresponds with findings in previous researches, which indicate that working women following their career paths usually have less stable families. Initial career goals Determining initial career goals is perceived as an important part of the career planning throughout the lifetime of a person, regardless of race and gender. Most of the researchers admit that employees usually achieve only those career objectives, which were planned. There's very little mystery about what career success requires. You

Dissertation topic and proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Topic and proposal - Dissertation Example The highly accepted classification of SMEs in UK and EU attributes to â€Å"the number of employees or annual turnover, with small enterprises constituting of less than 50 employees and medium size enterprise at more than 50 and less than 249 employees† (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-7, 2010). The nature of ownership in SMEs is either the individual entrepreneur or the family investments, which later on is inducted by directors on behalf of the majority shareholders. The SMEs sector in UK has jumped to an enormous boom in the last couple of years by increasing the net to 400,000 firms every year and even the micro businesses or self-employment has contributed a significant turnover for over ? 200 billion to the economy even in the severe economic turmoil of recession on inflation (Amble, pp. 20-29, 2004). The small and medium sized business has emerged as a powerful source in contributing to net revenue of the economy by intervening for almost 13 % i n financial and business intermediation, such as real estate and business operations. In addition, by contribution in 12% to agricultural and fishing business, wholesales and retails at 21% indicating to largest contribution to the private sector turnover (BIS Department for Business and Innovation Skills, pp. 1-6, 2010). The role of SMEs enterprises has played a significant part in the economic and social growth followed by the industrialization, income, and employment generation to the economy (OECD Conference for SMEs, pp. 1-3, 2004). Research Aim: The important element of enterprises is to induct the easy or smooth availability of the capital for their start up or growing business. The imperfect capital market and the economic turmoil have created barriers for insufficient external funding to the SMEs that has forced the government intervention in equity and debt market to provide funds and loans to their ventures (Graham, pp. 56-64, 2004). The main aim of the dissertation of th e proposal is to ‘Highlight and analyze the significance of the financing intervention within the small and medium sized enterprises and their attributes’. It also aims to analyze the following in order to bridge the gap between the finance providers and the small business. 1. Close analyses of the SMEs and their access to external finance. 2. The financial growth and government intervention in SMEs 3. The needs and supply capabilities between SMEs and financial intermediaries. Research Objectives: The objective of the dissertation includes the detail literature review and problems faced by SMEs deployment of financial funds. The purpose of this research is to recognize the factors influencing the financial decision making of SMEs and any other alternative option for funds. The study will also focus on critical factors discussed as below (Competition Commission, pp. 1-3, 2002): 1. Identify the policies and regulations for the provision of funds by the bank 2. Identify t he various sources of finance available to the SMEs and their significance. 3. Identify and deployment of options which are used to improve the burden of cost and accountability of revenue and profits for SMEs. Research Questions: Following are the questions that highlight the main reasons for the research dissertation: 1. What are the factors that are affecting the SMEs financial market and access

Factors Effecting Cardiac Output Physical Education Essay

Factors Effecting Cardiac Output Physical Education Essay Inotropy can have positive or negative effect on the heart, especially the ventricles. There are few factors that can influence inotropy; this can either be neuronal, hormonal. The neuronal influence is predominately from the autonomic nerves, either the parasympathetic or the sympathetic nerves and these have both negative and positive effect on inotropy. However, other influences come from some drugs which have positive or negative effect on inotropy. This will consequently affect the cardio output by changing the state of for example ESV, preload, stroke volume and heart rate. All of these factors are related and depend on each other. Section A: The autonomic nerves are divided into two, parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves. The sympathetic nerves cause a positive inotropy. It does this by releasing norpinephrine by the postganlionic fibers and the secretion of epinephrine from adrenal medulla. These hormones, norpinephrine and epinephrine, causes the cardiac muscle cell metabolism. Hence, the contraction and the force of contraction in the cardiac muscle increase. This increases because of special types of receptors called adrenergic receptors found on the plasma membrane of the cardiac muscle cells. There are two types; one is called the alpha receptors and the other type is called the beta receptors. These receptors bind to and recognise both norepinephrine and epinephrine. Because of the cardiac muscle cells contraction increases this will cause the ventricles to contract harder. This will decrease the end systolic volume, because the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles increases. The other types of nerves that influence the inotropy are called parasympathetic nerves. The parasympathetic stimulation from the vagus causes the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which is a neurotransmitter. The ACh binds to two types of receptors; they are known as the muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptors. There are different types of mascarinic receptors; and the M2 muscarinic receptors are specific for the heart. These receptors work by maintaining the heart to stay at its constant state. When the ACh is released it binds to M2 mascurinic receptors. Therefore, after the reactions occur between the M2 mascurinic receptors and the ACh, the effect it has on the heart is that it reduces the heart rate; it also reduces the action potential produced by the SA node and the AV node. However, it also affects the heartà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability to contract. Both the arterial and ventricular muscle cells are innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. However, in the ventricular muscle cells, the parasympathetic nerves have more compact than the sympathetic nerves. For these reasons the parasympathetic stimulation has a negative effect on the inotropy. Beside the parasympathetic and sympathetic stimulations having influence on the inotropic state; there are few hormones, described above, and drugs that can also influence the inotropic state of the heart. As mentioned above, epinephrine, which is released from the adrenal gland, and norepinephrine, which is released from the sympathetic nerves, increases the heart rate. This has a positive effect on the inotropic state of the heart. However, there are few drugs that have the opposite effect of the norepinephrine and epinephrine; these drugs are known as antagonist, because they block the action of the hormones. Some examples of such drugs are propanolol and digoxin. Propranolol works by blocking the beta adrenergic receptors that binds with epinephrine. This means that epinephrine cannot longer bind to these receptors, so therefore its effects are no longer seen and blocked. This is why propranolol and drugs similar to it are called beta-blockers. The actions seen by these drugs on the heart is that it slows down the heart rate. When the ventricles contract with great deal of force, the ventricles have to overcome some sort of tension; this tension is known as afterload and comes from the aorta pressure. Therefore, if the afterload is increased, this will mean the ventricular muscle cells will contract for longer period. Hence, the greater the end systolic volume will be; this is because the blood ejected is less and this will reduce the stroke volume, which means cardiac output will decrease as well. This mechanism only happens when the inotropy is increased and this can be done by hormonal or anatomic stimulation influence. On the other hand, a reduced inotropic sate, in this case the afterload is increased as well, will have the opposite effect on the end systolic volume. Section B: The preload is directly proportional to the end diastolic volume; therefore if there is an increase in the preload, there is an increase in the end diastolic volume. Basically what preload does is that it affects the cardiac muscle cellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ability of creating tension. So this means during systole, during the contraction of the ventricular muscle cells, the force produced increases and is forceful. Therefore increasing inotropy, by hormones such as epinephrine or stimulation from the autonomic nervous system, will increase in the force of contraction of the ventricles. Another way the inotropy can be increased depends on the amount of blood that is returned to the heart, which is known as the venous return. This can for example be caused by excise; this will increase the venous return and which will increase the end diastolic volume. Hence the increase of end diastolic volume will cause the increase of both stroke volume and cardiac output. What the venous return does is that it stretches the ventricular muscle cells because of the more blood. So this means the sacromere length will increase so does the tension. This results in the contraction of the ventricular muscle cells with greater force and the ejection of more blood. Thus, an increase in the preload will cause an increase in end diastolic volume; so therefore stroke volume is increased and cardiac output. This mechanism is known as the Frank-Starling law; this law basically states that the more the heart is stretched, the harder the heart contracts to eject more blood. When the ventricles contract with great deal of force, the ventricles have to overcome some sort of tension; this tension is known as afterload and comes from the aorta pressure. Therefore, if the afterload is increased, this will mean the ventricular muscle cells will contract for longer period. Hence, the greater the end systolic volume will be; this is because the blood ejected is less and this will reduce the stroke volume, which means cardiac output will decrease as well. This mechanism only happens when the inotropy is increased and this can be done by hormonal or anatomic stimulation influence. On the other hand, a reduced inotropic sate, in this case the afterload is increased as well, will have the opposite effect on the end systolic volume. The contractility of the heart can, especially the ventricles, can have a great deal on the pressure and the development tension on the ventricles. This has an effect on the ejection fraction, because the inotropy changes the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles. There are two types of factors that increase the inotropic state. The types are either said to have positive inotropic or negative inotropic. In order for the cardiac muscles cells to contract, the sarcoplasmic reticulum has to release Ca2+ .What causes the contraction of the cardiac cells are the entry of Ca2+ into the cells. Therefore what the positive inotropic does is that it increases the amount of Ca2+ that enter into the cardiac muscle cells. This increases the stroke volume and lowers the ESV which in return increases the cardiac output. An example of this is the sympathetic stimulation on the heart. However, the negative inotropic has the opposite effect. This can for example be the parasympathetic stimulation; basically this will block the entry of the Ca2+ into the cardiac muscle cells. Thus the ejection fraction is reduced which leads to an increase on the ESV; hence the stroke volume decrease and cardiac output as well. The heart rate is defined as the number of times the heart beats in one minutes. In a normal person at rest beats as 70 beats per minutes. The body controls the heart rate different ways that might increase or decrease heart rate. Activities from the parasympathetic nerves decreases the heart rate, basically what happens is that stimulations sent from the parasympathetic nerves to the heart decreases heart rate; whereas the sympathetic nerves have the opposite effect. The effect seen from this is that the pacemaker potential decreases due to a decrease in the F-type sodium ions. This means the threshold is reached more slowly than it is normally, thus heart rate decreases and consequently the cardiac out decreases as well. Heart rate can also be affected by hormonal influence. One primarily example is the release of epinephrine which is released from adrenal medulla. This hormone basically acts on the receptors found on beta-adrenergic receptors in the SA node. These receptors normally accept norepinephrine, which is released from the neurons. The effect of these hormones is that it increases the heart rate, hence the cardiac output.

Ethics Case Study Essay

What are Ethics? Ethics are standards of behavior, developed as a result of ones concept of right and wrong (Judson & Harrison, 2010). Code of ethics is a list of principles that is intended to influence the actions of healthcare professionals within an organization. Ethical principles help guide the decision-making process among healthcare workers in complicated situations. This paper will review the assigned case study and provide the reader with the ethical issues and principles. The case study discussed an 8-month old child brought into the emergency department by the mother due to inconsolable crying. It was reported that the child had been crying since picked up at daycare. The nurse found that the child’s vital signs were slightly elevated and child’s thighs were edematous and warm to the touch. The assessment was then presented to the physician; concern was expressed that the child may have been injured. An x-ray was ordered revealing fractures to both femurs. The mother was informed of the findings by the physician; after speaking with the mother the physician decided it was not child abuse and therefore, the situation did not need to be reported. The ethical issues involved in this case study are the nurse and physician’s responsibility to report suspected child abuse. Social services should have been consulted to assist in the process of reporting the situation to Child Protective Services (CPS). Hardy and Armitage state â€Å"In all actions concerning children, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration† (2002, p. 109). In this case, the primary consideration was not in the best interest of the child. According to Judson and Harrison the physician has the responsibility to understand the tools for diagnosing and treating abuse and to be familiar with the available resources (2010). The nurse in this case has the ethical duty to report the physician for not having concern regarding a possible child abuse situation. Healthcare professionals have an ethical duty to expose unethical behaviors by other members of the healthcare field. Nursing has progressed over the years into a respected and honorable profession. Insaf Altun (2008) states it best by saying, â€Å"The six key roles  of nursing are: advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy, in patient and health systems management, and education† (p. 839). The two key roles the nurse in this case study failed to provide for the patient are advocacy and promotion of a safe environment. If the nurse was using good moral and professional judgment, he or she would have reported the situation immediately for the wellbeing of the child. Three of the ethical principles that are discussed are nonmaleficence, veracity and paternalism. The first ethical principle is nonmaleficence, meaning first do no harm (Judson and Harrison, 2010). A question asked by Milton and Cody (2001 p.290) was, â€Å"How can one keep from doing harm if one acts without knowing what the reality of the lived experience is for the person?† In the case study, neither the nurse nor physician knows what happened to the child or the reality of the circumstances that led to fractured femurs. The healthcare professional would have upheld this ethical principle and the law by reporting the suspected abuse, thus doing no harm and protecting the child from further harm. Another ethical principle that the physician could have used is veracity. The ethical principle of veracity deals with the truth or truth telling (Henry, 2005). The physician in this case should have discussed the health status of the child with the mother, made a â€Å"good† moral judgment, and told the mother the incident must be reported to CPS; the case could have been presented to the mother in a non-accusatory manner. The physician should have been reported for assuming the incident did not need to be reported. Furthermore, the nurse should have stepped forward and reported the incident, thereby promoting veracity on behalf of the case at hand. The third ethical principle in the case study to discuss is paternalism. At times paternalism viewed as a negative act because it allows healthcare providers to make decisions for the patients (Andre & Velasquez, 2008).The facts in the case study provide for an excellent example of when paternalism should be exercised. The nurse or physician in the case study could have used paternalism as a guiding ethical principle to do what was right for the  safety of the child by reporting the incident. The child has no voice to defend or protect him or herself and in this situation, the nurse should have advocated for the patient. The three ethical principles mentioned above are valued in my personal and professional life as a mother, nurse and student. The first ethical principle discussed nonmaleficence has been a personal value of mine throughout my life, used in all aspects of my life. The second ethical principle, veracity is maintained most of the time. I believe there are situations where telling the person the whole truth would not have an optimal outcome. The third ethical principle mentioned paternalism is used at times in my professional life as a nurse and in my personal life as a mother. The outcome of the case study could have been optimal for all involved the child, mother, nurse, and physician if the situation occurred at a children’s hospital. The likelihood of staff in a children’s hospital to have the proper training on signs of, diagnosing, treating, and reporting suspected abuse is much higher than an adult focused medical center. The American Association of Heart Failure Nurses incorporates ethical principles in the respect of advancement of care, education, and research to promote the best outcomes for patients’ with heart failure. One ethical principle used by the association is beneficence; this principle is used by providing evidence-based research, treatment, and education for patients and healthcare professionals. Using evidence-based medicine the association is giving optimal care for this patient population. Using ethical principles healthcare professionals can ensure they are making good moral decisions regarding care and treatment of patients. The ethical principles do not have to be a value of the healthcare professional, but must be upheld for the best interest of the patient. References Altun, I. (2008). Innovation in behavior patterns that characterize nurses. Nursing Ethics, 15(6), 838-840. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from EBSCOHost database. Andre C. & Velasquez M. (2008). For your own good. Retrieved April 21, 2009, fromhttp://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v4n2/owngood.htmlHardy, M., & Armitage, G. (2002). The child’s right to consent to x-ray and imaging investigations: issues of restraint and immobilization from a multidisciplinary perspective. Journal of Child Health Care, 6(2), 107-119. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from SAGE database. Henry, L. (2005). Disclosure of medical errors: Ethical considerations for the development of a facility policy and organizational culture change. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 6(2), 127-134. Retrieved April 21, 2009, from SAGE database. Judson, K. & Harrison, C. (2010). Law and ethics for medical careers (5th ed). New York,NY: McGraw-Hill. Milton, C. & Cody, W. (2001). The ethics of bearing witness in healthcare: A beginning exploration. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14(4), 288-296. Retrieved April 20, 2009 from SAGE database.

Diwali Experience

â€Å"Diwali Delight† The best feeling is to have all your long-time unseen relatives and friends gather around together and have a blast. Recently on my dad’s birthday, the day of October 26th, the start of Diwali, can be as delightful as any of your cultural holidays. Diwali is the festival of lights. Diwali involves the lighting of small clay lamps filled with oil to signify the triumph of good over evil. My dad was the first one to come to the United States in my whole, family, which makes me second generation Indian. He came from India for his masters in Alabama by the usual way of transportation: By flight.My family celebrates Diwali in three main ways: By lighting firecrackers, having a big family feast where only the men cook, and also by dancing to traditional Indian music. Diwali doesn’t just bring me boats load of fun, but also helps me recognize how light helps us in our everyday lives. As most people know, the lighting of firecrackers on Diwali Is we ll-known as the main event. Usually by 7 or 8’oclock, the neighborhood starts erupting. In our family it is traditional to go to our cousin’s house for this part of the event.All of the guests get one whole bag full of a different variety of firecrackers. The types include sparklers, rockets(which you blast), And also chain crackers, which are a hundreds of normal firecrackers put together. As the final crackers explode and the pictures are taken, we all head to our house, where we start the dinner feast. It is a custom in our family to let all the men cook a feast. As all the cars enter our driveway, all the men put on their baking gloves, and get ready to make a mess in the kitchen, while the women get very cautious about them and the children are playing in the backyard.As we hear a big scream from the parents for dinner, all the children quickly evacuate into the house. As we enter, our nose gets filled with the delightful aroma of the food. The food items prepared vary every year, which keeps us in anxiety. Recently, we had a type of Indian bread with different curries. Last but not least, we dance to traditional Bollywood music, which includes classical, vocational, and some of R&B music. After our food digests, we play music from an ipod and everybody dances in joy.In conclusion, Diwali is always a great experience with your family members. I am proud that I am second generation Indian, and that we have a chance to celebrate Diwali. In my opinion, I believe our family celebrates this holiday the best by lighting up firecrackers, having a big family feast, and by dancing to traditional music. As said before, Diwali doesn’t just bring fun, but helps me recognize the importance of light in our everyday lives, which is believed to be the motive in our culture to celebrate this holiday.

Neighboring Countries in Geography

Neighboring Countries in Geography While some countries have many neighbors, others have very few. The number of bordering countries a nation has is an extremely important factor when considering its  geopolitical relationship with surrounding countries. International borders play an important role in trade, national security, access to resources, and more.   Many Neighbors China and Russia each have fourteen neighboring countries, more neighbors than the other countries of the world. Russia, the worlds largest country in area, has these fourteen neighbors: Azerbaijan, Belarus, China, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Mongolia, North Korea, Norway, Poland, and Ukraine. China, the worlds third largest country in the area but the worlds most populous country, has these fourteen neighbors: Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Vietnam. Brazil, the worlds fifth largest country, has ten neighbors: Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, France (French Guiana), Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Few Neighbors Countries that occupy only islands (such as Australia, Japan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Iceland) may have no neighbors, although some island countries do share a border with a country (such as the United Kingdom and Ireland, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, and Papua New Guinea and Indonesia). There are ten non-island countries that share a border with only one country. These countries include Canada (which shares a border with the United States), Denmark (Germany), Gambia (Senegal), Lesotho (South Africa), Monaco (France), Portugal (Spain), Qatar (Saudi Arabia), San Marino (Italy), South Korea (North Korea), and the Vatican City (Italy).

Egg in a Bottle Demonstration

Egg in a Bottle Demonstration The egg in a bottle demonstration is an easy chemistry or physics demonstration you can do at home or in the lab. You set an egg on top of a bottle (as pictured). You change the temperature of the air inside the container either by dropping a piece of burning paper into the bottle or by directly heating/cooling the bottle. Air pushes the egg into the bottle. Materials Peeled hard-boiled egg (or soft-boiled, if a yolky mess interests you)Flask or jar with an opening slightly smaller than the diameter of the eggPaper/lighter or very hot water or very cold liquid In a chemistry lab, this demonstration is most commonly performed using a 250-ml flask and a medium or large egg. If you are trying this demonstration at home, you can use a glass apple juice bottle. If you use too large of an egg, it will get sucked into the bottle, but stuck (resulting in a gooey mess if the egg was soft-boiled). We recommend a medium egg for most bottles. An extra-large egg gets wedged in the bottle. Perform the Demonstration Method 1: Set a piece of paper on fire and drop it into the bottle. Set the egg on top of the bottle (small side pointed downward). When the flame goes out, the egg will get pushed into the bottle.Method 2: Set the egg on the bottle. Run the bottle under very hot tap water. Warmed air will escape around the egg. Set the bottle on the counter. As it cools, the egg will be pushed into the bottle.Method 3: Set the egg on the bottle. Immerse the bottle in a very cold liquid. We have heard of this being done using liquid nitrogen, but that sounds dangerous (could shatter the glass). We recommend trying ice water. The egg is pushed in as the air inside the bottle is chilled. How It Works If you just set the egg on the bottle, its diameter is too large for it to slip inside. The pressure of the air inside and outside of the bottle is the same, so the only force that would cause the egg to enter the bottle is gravity. Gravity isnt sufficient to pull the egg inside the bottle. When you change the temperature of the air inside the bottle, you change the pressure of the air inside the bottle. If you have a constant volume of air and heat it, the pressure of the air increases. If you cool the air, the pressure decreases. If you can lower the pressure inside the bottle enough, the air pressure outside the bottle will push the egg into the container. Its easy to see how the pressure changes when you chill the bottle, but why is the egg pushed into the bottle when heat is applied? When you drop burning paper into the bottle, the paper will burn until the oxygen is consumed (or the paper is consumed, whichever comes first). Combustion heats the air in the bottle, increasing the air pressure. The heated air pushes the egg out of the way, making it appear to jump on the mouth of the bottle. As the air cools, the egg settles down and seals the mouth of the bottle. Now there is less air in the bottle than when you started, so it exerts less pressure. When the temperature inside and outside the bottle is the same, there is enough positive pressure outside the bottle to push the egg inside. Heating the bottle produces the same result (and may be easier to do if you cant keep the paper burning long enough to put the egg on the bottle). The bottle and the air are heated. Hot air escapes from the bottle until the pressure both inside and outside the bottle is the same. As the bottle and air inside continue to cool, a pressure gradient builds, so the egg is pushed into the bottle. How to Get the Egg Out You can get the egg out by increasing the pressure inside the bottle so that it is higher than the pressure of the air outside of the bottle. Roll the egg around so it is situated with the small end resting in the mouth of the bottle. Tilt the bottle just enough so you can blow air inside the bottle. Roll the egg over the opening before you take your mouth away. Hold the bottle upside down and watch the egg fall out of the bottle. Alternatively, you can apply negative pressure to the bottle by sucking the air out, but then you risk choking on an egg, so thats not a good plan.

Financial systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial systems - Essay Example tion is, i.e., the greater the efficiency with which it can mobilise the resources in the economy and create value, the stronger will be the fundamentals of the concerned nation. The financial institutions together form the financial market of a nation. These institutions contained within the financial web or community could be categorised into a number of groups depending on the type of activities with which they are involved. These different groups, namely, the agents, brokers and financial intermediaries are linked up with one another closely through contractual agreements or legal orders. While agents and brokers operate to bring the institutions and investors closer to each other, the intermediaries are the ones who channelise the flow of funds between any two agents. However, the classification above had been rather a broad one and the significant financial institutions are actually represented by special terms as follows – The banking sector – This sector comprises of financial intermediaries involved in channelising the flow of resources. To be precise, the banking sector indulges in accepting surplus deposits and lending them to deficit accounts. Foreign exchange market – Foreign exchange market also comprises of agents and brokers with the only difference with the former being that the role is being played by the commercial banks of the concerned nation (Das, 2005). Government debt market – The government debt market comprises of intermediaries in the form of the central bank of a given nation. It indulges in accumulating debt for the government from internal as well as external sources. The UK financial system is often claimed as one of the most robust and sound system among its counterparts in various developed nations, by the economists and political leaders of the nation. In fact, such claims could be debated by various facts and figures post the global financial meltdown. The bank had kept its prime lending rate rather low at 5.52%

College Scholarship questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

College Scholarship questions - Essay Example Besides the access to excellent research programs and world renowned faculty, I have a soft spot for the universiy that has been the alma mater of many of my family members. My father too dreamt of graduating from here, but due to family problems had to begin working soon after high school. He’d be proud to see me graduate from a school after his own heart. I come from a small rural farming community and have worked with Hereford Cattle since I was 9 years old. I have started a small successful business with my Hereford herd and I want to improve my herd and work with other ranches to help develop and improve animal breeding. The department of Animal Science at A&M has undergraduate courses in animal breeding and genetics available to students like me and the possibility of participating in such research programs excites me. The field of embryo research and animal breeding is the goal I have set for myself. I shall work very hard to learn as much as I can while I pursue my bachelor’s degree. I plan to make full use of the facilities and the expert guidance that TAMU can offer me to help me attain my goal of doing a doctorate in embryo research. I want to be an embryologist and work towards new and path breaking research in this field. I am passionate about my job and enjoy every day to the fullest. I’d like to make a huge success of my chosen career; at the same time have a happy and contented family life. I’d love to discover something new for the cattle industry, make my mark in this field and contribute my mite to the future of the ranching

Operations Management 3M's Product Design/Innovation Essay

Operations Management 3Ms Design and Innovation - Essay Example This essay demonstrates that the main roadblocks that are faced by 3M in applying their policy are selecting the right product concept. The screening process is very vital for 3M management because they are under pressure to select a concept that has business potential and signifies innovation. 3M indeed has made a name for itself in the business world. The company’s commitment towards innovation and creative designing has given it a distinct identity. Most of their products are not just rated high for their utility but also for their designs. The products that are manufactured by 3M are considered to be few of essential products by customers. The company has also not kept their business restricted to one domain. 3M is a good example of how creativity can be united with utility. The operations management of 3M with respect to their designing and innovation is a well coherent process. 3M recognizes the customers demand from a particular product and does thorough research regard ing the need for the product by the customer before embarking a new design. This paper makes a conclusion that 3M has been very successful in incorporating the basic requirements of the customers in their products. In addition, the operations management of 3M balances the information acquired from market survey and analysis with their products design and innovation. Also, 3M has also been able to establish themselves as a global brand, that signifies innovation as a solution to the need of the customers.... However the look alone with the support of excellent functionality and utility will not help the company to sell the product. A product must first address a specific need of the customer. Many companies acknowledge the importance of product design and innovation in capturing new market. Innovation is the pulse of building new business (Takala & Keinonen, 2006, p.27). 3M is one of those companies which recognise the importance of innovation in business development. 3M initiated a corporate culture that encouraged intrapreneurship. The company is acknowledged for vertical organisational structure. The success of 3M has often been given by the management to the ability of the employees to have a creative bent of mind. During the period of 1985-2000, the company was awarded the top three ranking by Fortune magazine for their culture of innovativeness more than other corporates. In 1995, 3M also won the prestigious award of National Medal of Technology, the U.S government’s apex ho nour for innovation. 3M’s spiritual founder Ex CEO William L. McKnight is considered the main driving force behind the company’s philosophy of encouraging innovativeness amongst employees. The cornerstone of 3M’s success is attributed to the innovation capability of the employees. Company Overview 3M was founded in the year 1902. The company was initially into mining and gets the name from, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation (3M). The company has diversified since then and has operations varying from technological field to house hold products. The company has reported to have predicted the revenue in the year 2011 to be between $29 billion to $ 30.5 billion. The product ranges offered by 3M ranges from Post –Its, respirators, computer arms to Scotch

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay Example for Free

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay 5 Parts of the Writing Process 1. Pre-Writing Before you sit down to write something, you need to figure out what you are going to write about. 2. Drafting Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. 3. Revising When you revise, you are looking at the parts of your document and making sure that each part works together to make a coherent whole. 4. Proofreading When a person is finished the writing step of the process and have revised your work, then it is up to the writer to take a step back and look at the writing for errors and correct them. 5. Delivering – Delivering in its simplest form refers to a text that is meant to be read to an audience. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay 5 Resources to Help You Improve Your WritingSkills 1. Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide by Dawn B. Sova With Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide, you’ll discover the answers to these questions and many more about the basics of communicating effectively through the written word. Each chapter in this hands-on guide focuses on key steps in the writing process, identifying the shared and differing skills demanded by each type of writing; from a persuasive essay, a business letter, or a scientific report. The straightforward, structured format makes it fully accessible, providing an easy-to-understand overview for everyone from students beginning to build skills, to adults looking to improve their writing, to the experienced writer hoping to further hone skills in a certain area. This book allows you to build gradually on what you have learned at your own pace. Questions and self-tests reinforce the information in each chapter and allow you to skip ahead or focus on specific areas of concern. Packed with useful, up-to-date information, this clear, concise volume is a valuable learning tool and reference source for anyone who wants to develop or improve his or her basic writing skills. 2. Report Writing Skills Training Course by Margaret Greenhall  This book makes report writing a step by step process for you to follow every time you have a report to write. Margarets understanding of how people read and remember gives a unique view to the process of report writing. This book brings you her tried and tested training techniques to make the process of writing a report straight forward. 3. The Writers Workplace with Readings: Building College Writing Skills by Sandra and John Scarry John Scarry and Sandra Scarry present writing instruction in a clear and manageable form, with step-by-step explanations to help build and maintain students confidence in their writing. The result of many years of classroom teaching and research, this comprehensive and time-tested resource reflects the authors understanding that every student is unique, with different backgrounds and interests that must be accounted for as they engage in the writing process. This offers instructors the opportunity to customize their own version of the book by including or excluding any sections that they do or do not teach in their course-making this a text that reflects not only the students needs and experiences, but their instructors as well. 4. Writing With Power: Techniques For Mastering the Writing Process by Peter Elbow A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write. This book speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalitiesthe production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, no planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper. 5. Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick  Writing well is just a step away! This book gives the student the ultimate step-by-step guide to writing effective essays. With the author’s clear, practical advice and student-friendly tone, youll find it easy to begin, organize, and revise your writing-from choosing a topic to developing your essay to polishing your prose. Interesting readings in a variety of styles offer useful examples of the types of essays youll most often be assigned in your composition and other college classes.